[1] 在此,我要感谢南卡罗来纳大学(University or South Carolina)的戴维·费彻尔博士允许我借鉴他关于利凡特贸易问题的博士论文中的相关研究成果。本文中关于东部贸易扩张的相关理解颇受该博士论文的启发(我尽量标明其出处)。我还要感谢加州大学洛杉矶分校(UClA)的洛茨·伯克纳(Lutz Berkner)和杰弗里·西姆考克斯(Geoffrey Symcox)两位教授对本文的阅读和指正。
[2] The Stages in the Social History or Capitalism,American Historical Review.XIX(1914).pp.494—495.
[3] 尤参见:F.J.Fisher. “Commercial Trends and Policy in Sixteenth Century England.”Economic History Review.X(1940).pp.106—107.以及 C.D.Ramsay.English Ouerseas Trade During the Centuries of Emergence(London:Macmillan,1957),pp.20—30;Peter Ramsey,Tudor Economic Problems(London: Victor Collancz.1963).pp.68ff。亦参见:Ralph Davis. “England and the Mediterranean”.in Essays in the Ecol1omic and Social History 01Tudor and Stuart England.ed.F.J.Fisher(Cambridge: The University Press,1961) pp.117ff.
[4] T.S.Willan.The Early History of the Russia Company.1553—1603(Manchester:The University Press.1956).pp.2—3.
[5] T.S.Willan.The MusCovy Merchants og 1555(Manchester: The University Press.1953).p.24.
[6] B.E.Supple,Commercial Crisis and Change1600—1642(Cambridge: The University Press.1959),p.258.
[7] Joavis. “England and the Mediterranean,”p.120; Supple,Commercial Crisis.p.258;Astrid Friis,Alderman Cockayne‘s Project and the Cloth Trade(London:Oxford University Press.1927).pp.70—71,n.2.
[8] T.S.Willan. “Some Aspects of the English Trade with the Levant in the Sixteenth Century.”English Historical Review.LXX(1955).p.407.
[9] Joavid Fischer. “The Development and Organization or English Trade to Asia,1553—1605”(University o(London Ph.D.T hesis,1970),pp.200—210,355—359.类似的论述也可参见Willan,“Trade with the Levant,” pp.407—410。威兰还指出对于英国商品而言,利凡特不是—个很好的市场” Ibid.,p.410.
[10] A.M.Millard,“The Import Trade of London,1600—1640”(University of London Ph.D.Thesis,1956),Appendix 2.Table C.米勒德夫人引用的数据出自伦敦港口报表的进口贸易部分(The London Port Books for imports)。
[11]Commons Debates 1621,ed.Wallace Notestein,Francis Relf,and Hartley Simpson(New Haven:Yale University Press,1935),VI,300.戴维斯教授关于利凡特贸易在那段时期内都处于平衡态势的观点与以下论据有所冲突:(1)米勒德教授关于贸易进口的数据;(2)17世纪早期公认的利凡特布料出口的不景气,以及同期利凡特明显突出的进口贸易增长(尤其是根据费彻尔和威兰关于1600年前的贸易呈现出极端不平衡态势的结论)。Davis “England and the Mediterra nean,”pp.124—125.
[12] K.Chaudhuri,The El1glish Easl India Company(New York: Reprints of Economic classics,1965),p.13.
[14] See R.G.Lang,“The Greater Merchants of London,1600—1625”(Oxford University D.Phil.Thesis,1963),pp.149—151;Ramsey,Tudor Economic Problems,pp.63—65.
[16] 此处结论是将商业风险公司的名单(Friis,Cockayne's Projecl,pp.95—97)与利凡特公司的特约成员名单(M.Epstein,The Early History of the Levant Company(London:George Routledge and Sons.1968),pp.158—160)进行比较得出的。同时据记载,1606年活跃于商业风险公司贸易活动的219位商人中,只有7位同年在经营对利凡特的布料出口贸易,Friis,Cockayne’s Project,p.100。同时 R.G.兰也提供了大量例证表明商业风险公司在17世纪早期高度重视本土既有市场,“Greater Merchants of London,” pp.149—168.
[17] 这个结论是将利凡特成员名单(Company Court Books,P.R.O.S.P.105/ 147—149)与商业风险公司1632—1640年间特权贸易商的名单(London Port Books for Cloth exports for those years,P.O.R.E.190/ 36/5,E.190/43/4)进行比较得出的。在此我要感谢F.J.费彻尔教授允许我查阅他在(London Port Books)中关于1640年布料出口数据的记载。
[24] A.C.Wood,A History of the Levant Company(London:Frank Cass.1964),p.31.
[25] 这一结论是将东印度公司最初助理名单(Calendar of State Papers,Colonial Series,East rndies,1513—1616,ed.W.N.Sainsbury(Vaduz,Kraus Reprint,1964).p.1l7)与1601年获得特许经营权时的利凡特助理名单(Select Charlers of the Trading Companies,1530—1707,ed.C.T.Carr(London: Selden Society,1913),p.32)进行比较得出的。
[26] 此处结论是将利凡特公司成员完整名单与东印度公司投资者名单以及用于一级、三级和四级合资股的投资金总额等数据进行比较得出的。东印度公司的投资者名单,出自The Registerof Letters Etc.of lhe Governor and Company of the Merchanls of London Tracling Into the East Indies 1600—1619,ed.Sir George Birdwood(London:Bemard Quaritch,1965 repr.)pp.275—281,294—295;The Dawn of the Brilish Trade1 to the East Indies,printed by Henry Stevens(London:Henry Stevens and Son,1886).pp.1—5。
[32] Fischer,“Trade to Asia.”166—168,195—200;“The Subsidy Roll for 1589”,引自《1568年伦敦纵览》(H.斯坦福·伦敦、索菲娅.W.罗林斯编:Visitation of London 1568,148—164页,伦敦.John Whitehead出版社.1963)。
[36] Epstein,Levant Trade,chs.viii,ix.关于17世纪早期这些规章及其调整的详细讨论,可参见:Robert Brenner,“Commercial Change and Political Conflict;The Merchant Community in Civil War London”(Princeton University Ph.D.Thesis,1970),pp.18—19。
[44] 此处结论是将取自东印度公司庭审记录的公司高层人士完整名单与利凡特公司成员的完整名单进行比较得出的。Calendar of State Papers,East Indies,1630—1634;Calendar of the Court Minutes of the East India Company,1635—1639,ed.E.B.Sainsbury(Oxford:The clarendon Press,1907);Court Books of the Levant Company。
[45] Merchants Mappe of Commerce(London,1638),p.319.
[46] Lang.“Greater Merchants of London,”pp.149—151.
[47] 该结论是将市参议员的完整名单(A.B.Beaven,The Aldermen of the City of London,2 vols.(London:Eden Fisher,1908—1913))与利凡特公司和东印度公司高层人员的完整名单以及商业风险公司成员完整名单(London Port Books for cloth exports)三者进行比较得出的.关于商业风险公司部分的数据并不是十分准确。
[48] Robert Ashton,The Crowll and the Money Market(Oxford:The clarendon Press,1960),ch.iv,esp.pp.87—105.
[49] Theodore K.Rabb,Enterprise and Empire(Cambridge,Mass.; Harvard University Press,1967),pp.56—57,66.and appendix.
[50] W.F.Craven.The Dissolution of the Virginia Conpany(New York: Oxford University Press,1932),pp.32—33.
[51] Charles M.Andrews.The Colonial Period of American History.4 vols.(New Haven:Yale University Press,1934—1938),I,pp.106—107; R C Johnson,“The Lotteries of the Virginia Company,”Virginia Magazine of History and BiograthyLXXIV(1966),259ff.
[52] W.R.Scott,The Constitution and Finance of English,Scottish,and Irish Joint Stock Comtanies to 1720,3 vols.(Cambridge:The University Press,1912),n,pp.254,258,288;Chaudhuri,East India Company,p.209.
[54] 至今确认了7位来自这些公司机构的商人。此处结论是将利凡特公司、东印度公司、伦敦市参议员的名单与参与美洲贸易的相当完整的名单进行比较后得出的。后者的名单出自1626、1630、1633、1634、1640年的“伦敦进口记录”(London Port Books for imports)中记载的烟草贸易商名单,以及大量的政府公文、诉状、法院记录等等。更多详情,包括这些商人的姓名等等,可参见:Brenner,“Commercial Change,”pp.71—72.
[55] W.Foster,“An English Settlement in Madagascar,1645—1646,” English Historical Review,XW(1912),239—240;Calendar of the Court Minutes of the East India Company 1635—1639,pp.248—249,328,330,338,339,341.
[59]The Records of the Virginia Company of London,ed.Susan M.Kingsbury,4 vols.(Washington:Library of Congress,1906—1935),Ⅲ,p.598.
[60] C.E.Cockayne,Some Account of the Lord Mayors and Sheriffs of the City of London.,…1601 —1625(London,1897),pp.4—5,80;Beaven,Aldermen,IL p.54;R.H.Tawney,Businessand Politics Under James I(Cambridge:The University Press,1958),p.87;Port Book for cloth exports,1640(P.R.O.E.190/43/4);The Visitation of London 1633,1634,and 1635,ed.J.J.Howard and J.L.Chester,2 vols.(London:Harleian Society,1880—1883),I,p.259,Friis,Cockayne's Project,p.96; Alexander Brown,The Genesis of the United States,2 vols.(Boston and New York: Houghton,Mifflin &.Co.,1890),n,p.842.
[62] Scott,Joint Stock Companies,Ⅱ,p.256.In an agreement with the Company of 1618,the Magazine's rate of profit was limited to 25%.Craven,Virginia Company,p.51.
[66] “The Humble Remonstrance of John Bland of London,Merchant...”,Virginia Magazine of History and Biography,I(1894),144.
[67] 关于利凡特公司确保他们未来的合作者能够放弃原先的贸易类型而成为“纯粹商人”的具体事例,参见:Levant Company Court Books,P.R.O.S.P.105/149/ 250,253;S.P.105/150/265;S.P.105/151/120。
[68] G.L.Beer,The Origins of the British Colonial System,1578—1660(New York:Macmillan Co.,1908),p.110,n.3;J.A.Williamson,The Caribbee Islands Under the Proprietar'y Patents(London:Oxford University Press,1926),pp.137—139.
[73] 关于参与西印度贸易发展的详细人员名单,可以从1640年代和1650年代汇集了数百位商人签名的殖民地贸易商的多份请愿书中搜集到:同时也可以查阅当时政府和法院的正规档案国务文件(State Paper)、高等海事法庭文档(High Court of Admiralty Papers)、法院诉讼档案(Chancery Proceedings)等等。关于当时的主要商群领导人名单,参见:Journal of the House of Lords,IX,50;同时参见:P.R.O.C.O.1/11/23,24;C.O.1/12/5,8,16。关于西印度贸易商的详情,参见:Brenner,“Commercial Change,” pp,150—159。
[75] 关于当时的几内亚贸易,参见:J.W.Blake,“The Farm of the Guinea Trade in 1631,”in Essays in British History,ed.H.A.Cronne,T.W.Moody,and D.B.Ouinn(London:Frederick Muller,1949),pp.86—106;关于几内亚公司丧失特许权的详情,参见:Ibid.,p.97; Journal of the House of Commons,Ⅱ,pp.33,278,970;The Journal of Sir Simonds D 'Ewes,ed.W.Notestein(New Haven: Yale University Press,1923),p.540;更多详情,参见:Brenner,“Commercial Change”,pp.152—154。
[76] 关于”贸易金三角”的发的发展详情,参见:B.Bailyn,The New England Merchants in the Seventeenth Century(Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1955),pp.84—91;V.T.Harlow,Barbados 1625—1685(Oxford:The Clarendon Press,1926),ch.vi。
[77] >Journal of the House of Lords,IX,p.50;Historical Manuscripts Commission,Sixth Report,Appendix,pp.202—203,See a1so,Brenner,“Commercial Crisis,” pp.151—152,n.13.
[79] 关于接管科腾贸易项目的人员详情,可参见:Calendar of the Court MiMinutes of the Easl India Company 1644—1649,pp.116,305,n.1,p.382; Joumal of the House of Lords,X,pp.617,624;Historical Manuscripts Commission,evenlh Report,Appendix,p.66;P.R.O,H.C.A.24/108/51,265。关于这批贸易人员的详细讨论,参见Brenner,“Commercial Change” pp.173—175.
[80] 关于这批商人的计划构想和落实.参见Foster,“Introduction,“ Calendar of the Court Mil1uteS of the East111dia Comtany,1644—1649; Foster,“Madagas—car”; J.E.Famell,“The Navigation Act of1651,the First Dutch War,and the London Merchant Community,” Economic History R eview,XVI(1964),p.444.
[81]Calendar of the Court Minutes of the East India Company,1644—1649xv,xvi,xix,pp.218,227,342,377—378;Brenner,“Commercial Change,” pp.178—183.
[82] P.R.o.C.O.77/7/6,7,8;Calel1dar of the Court Minutes of the East India Company 1650—1654,p.49.
[84] 参见詹姆斯·法内尔(James Farneir)的《1651span>年航海条例、第一次荷兰战争和伦敦商人团体》(“The Navigation Act,the First Dutch War,and the London Merchant Community”)中的重要观点。以我所见,要对这群贸易新人在贸易决策中的影响力进行精准评估,就需要对他们在整体权力结构下的地位有一个更准确的阐释,而这一点法内尔教授尚显欠缺.正如他本人也意识到的,殖民地商人群体固然重要,但是在联邦和摄政政体之下却远非主导元素。