恩格斯的《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》(The Origin of the Family,Private Property and the State)(本文简称《起源》)对于女权主义至今仍然非常重要的原因在于,它和女权主义一样,引起了人们对家庭及其性别分工的易变性的关注。正如本文第一部分所述,恩格斯试图在这里实现这样一种设想,这曾是马克思在1845年《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》中设定,并在他关于摩尔根(Morgan)(古代社会)的笔记中继续探讨的设想,即阐明这一矛盾是“尘世家庭”发展与变化的源泉。
许多女权主义者认为,恩格斯过于乐观地相信由技术进步和向社会主义过渡所造成的矛盾将会从根本上改变家庭,从而实现两性的完全平等。这导致一些人想要以基于精神分析视角所认为的不论是西方技术先进国家还是东方社会主义国家都一直存在性别不平等现象的观点,来修补甚至取代恩格斯的观点。我将在本文第二部分评议四种这样的说法。
我认为,这些说法错误地把我们社会对家庭的意识形态,对“神圣家族”的意识形态事实,当作是基本上不变和无冲突的东西了。因此,它们忽视了“尘世家庭”中的矛盾,而这些矛盾正是这种意识形态的根源。
这是令人惊讶的,因为正是妇女对这些矛盾的经验认识,构成了女权主义思考的动力,并在一开始启发了这些理论。鉴于这些理论的精神分析取向,这更加令人惊讶。因为正如我在本文第三部分所解释的,正是弗洛伊德(Freud)对家庭生活的冲突和矛盾的认识,使他得以开始发展精神分析学的理论与实践。
弗洛伊德从他的临床工作角度来解释这个问题,从而使他的病人能够意识到这种矛盾。他相信,这样他的病人就可以采取一些办法去满足他们的需要、实现他们的愿望了。女权主义和马克思主义则走得更远。正如我在结论中指出的,他们认识到,这种实现不仅取决于解释世界,而且取决于改变世界的集体行动。
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